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3D polymer structures can be fabricated by rational control of the spacing between nanosized polymer brushes. Each nanobrush can be precisely patterned by combination of dip-pen nanodisplacement lithography and surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP; see picture). Complex 3D topographic images of the Mona Lisa have been obtained in this way.
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Zhou et al. (2011) studied this question.
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