Steady State Model for Dilution in Water Networks

This paper describes a technique for the solution of steady state flows in a multi‐quality water distribution system. The model presented here is capable of solving for the heads, flows, and salt or ion concentrations in looped networks. It uses the concept of mixing various qualities of water within the same network to obtain the desired qualities at the consumer outlets. This method offers an alternative to the expensive dual or multiple water distribution system. The model is based on the nodal equations and the user may specify the head, the flow, or the salinity at the consumer outlets. Unlike conventional network solvers, this model reformulates parts of the equations due to changes in flow direction. It is therefore capable of simulating solute flow in complex looped networks where the flow direction is not known prior to the solution of the governing set of nonlinear equations. A case study for a rural water distribution system is given to demonstrate the feasibility of application of such a model to practical cases.