Population trend is a reflection of annual recruitment, immigration, emigration, and survival. Accurate assessment of trend through direct enumeration is extremely difficult and subject to many biases (Lovaas et al. 1966, Caughley 1974, Cook and Martin 1974, LeResche and Rausch 1974). An indirect means of detecting population trend is through assessing fecundity, survival, and dispersal rates.
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Nelson et al. (1982) studied this question.
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