In aerial census data “visibility bias” is present because of the failure to observe some animals. A model is presented for quadrat sampling of randomly occurring groups whose size follows a single parameter power series distribution when there is a probability q > 0 of missing single animals. Maximum likelihood estimates of group density, average group size, and the visibility bias parameter, q, are presented. Examples with moose census data are worked out.
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Cook et al. (1974) studied this question.