Uniting the un-united: should established non-unions of femoral shaft fractures initially treated with IM nails be treated by plate augmentation instead of exchange IM nailing? A systematic review

The majority of femoral fractures are surgically treated with intramedullary nails.Non-union rate is low but challenging and costly if it occurs.There have been encouraging results from the use of augmentative plating as a treatment for non-union of femoral fractures.We performed a systematic review of the literature to compare union rates, time to union and complications between exchange nailing and augmentative plating as a primary procedure following a diagnosis of femoral non-union following initial nailing.We found a total of 21 papers, which found the mean union rate of augmentative plating to be 99.8% compared to 74% (P = 2.05 -12 ) found for exchange nailing.Times to union were comparable at 5.9 months for augmentative plating and 6.3 months for exchange nailing (P = 0.68916), and complication rate was 4% for augmentative plating compared to 20% for exchange nailing.From the evidence available, plate augmentation provides a more reliable union rate if used as the first operative intervention on a non-union of a femoral fracture compared to exchange nailing.Level of Evidence IV Systematic review of therapeutic studies.