An Experimental and Multiphysics Simulations Study of Clostridium carboxidivorans sp. 624 for Acid and Alcohol Production in CO 2 /H 2

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Biotechnological advances in CO 2 utilization through gas fermentation offer a sustainable alternative to energy-intensive chemical processes. This study investigates and optimizes fermentation dynamics of Clostridium carboxidivorans sp. 624 for enhanced production of C 2 –C 6 acids via combined experimental and computational methods. A systematic experimental evaluation of temperature and medium conditions, along with time-course analysis elucidates metabolic pathway regulation. Experimental optimisation, complemented by modelling, identified gas-liquid volumetric ratios V L /V G = 4 as optimal for maximizing longer-chain acids production, attributed to enhanced gas solubility and substrate bioavailability. Additionally, a hybrid model combining dynamic-kinetic model and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) successfully predict product formation. By capturing spatial inhomogeneities in gas-liquid interactions, the model also provides critical insights for optimizing fermentation performance and establishes a framework for improving process design parameters for CO 2 /H 2 fermentation, paving the way for scalable and efficient CO 2 -based bioprocesses.