Genetically Distinct African Swine Fever Virus Genotype II Variant in Wild Boar, Spain, 2025–2026

Figures

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  Figure 1. Spatial distribution of African swine fever virus (ASFV)–positive wild boar cases detected in northeastern Spain, 2025–2026. A) Geographic distribution of ASFV-positive wild boar cases detected during November 2025–May 2026 in the affected area in Barcelona. Red dots indicate cases selected for whole-genome sequencing. B) Enlarged view of the main affected area showing the spatial distribution of sequenced ASFV-positive wild boar cases. Numbers correspond to genome identifiers: 1, SP25WBCASE1 (index case); 2, SP25WBCASE2 (index case); 5, SP25WBCASE5 (case 0); 8, SP26WBCASE8; 11, SP26WBCASE11; 14, SP26WBCASE14; 23, SP26WBCASE23; 25, SP26WBCASE25.

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  Figure 2. Geographic distribution of African swine fever (ASF) virus genotype II genetic groups in Europe, 2007–2025. We combined analysis of 6 genomic regions to define genetic groups. We assigned groups through comparison with 1,192 homologous genotype II sequences available in the European Union Reference Laboratory for ASF sequence database (Appendix 1 Table 1). Numbers within colored circles denote genetic groups. Genetic group 29, identified in Spain in 2025, is highlighted. The analyzed regions were the central variable region within B602L; intergenic region (IGR) between I73R and I329L genes; O174L; K145R; the IGR between MGF (multigene family) 505-9R and MGF505-10R genes; and the IGR between I329L and I215L genes.

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  Figure 3. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree based on complete genome sequences of ASFV genotype II from study of the variant in wild boar, Spain, 2025–2026. The analysis included 40 publicly available genomes retrieved from GenBank (accession numbers shown) and the consensus genome sequence SP25WB2611 from our study (bold; wild boar, Spain, 2025 case 1 and 2). We used IQ-TREE (http://www.iqtree.org) to infer the tree with the best-fitting nucleotide substitution model selected by ModelFinder (http://www.iqtree.org/ModelFinder) outside the variable regions. Branch support values are shown at nodes (10,000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates). Scale bar indicates nucleotide substitutions per site. ASFV, African swine fever virus.