Antioxidant, Antidiabetic and Antimicrobial Properties of Tinospora cordifolia (Thumb) Miers from Different Geo-Ecological Regions of India

This study provides a thorough chemical analysis of Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb. Miers) germplasm collected from diverse Indian regions. Notably, TC 2 demonstrated the higher total phenolic content (49.9 mg GAE/g extract) and elevated total flavonoid content (10.56 mg RTE/g extract) compared to the other TC fractions. Hydro-alcoholic extracts of TC 2 displayed superior free radical-scavenging potential, showing IC50 199.31 µg/ml for DPPH and 69.54 µg/ml for ABTS. In terms of anti-diabetic potential, Tinospora cordifolia stem extracts and TC 2 exhibited the most significant anti-diabetic response for the percentage inhibition of a-amylase IC50 = 721.20 µg/ml and a-glucosidase IC50 = 267.61 µg/ml compared to acarbose for a-amylase 56.15 µg/ml and for a-glucosidase IC50 98.45 µg/ml, respectively. DPP-IV inhibition was also observed in the TC 2 extract with an IC50 value of 559.14 µg/ml compared to vildagliptin IC50 of 51 µg/ml. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract exhibited notable inhibitory activity against Gram-positive Bacteria Streptococcus mutants (20 ± 2 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (11 ± 1 mm) at sub-MIC concentrations of 500 µg/ml and 750 µg/ml, respectively. Moderate activity was observed against Gram-negative bacterial strains (MIC values ranging between 1000-1200 µg/ml), with the strongest effect against Streptococcus mutants. Metabolite profiling of ethyl acetate was conducted using GC-MS techniques, essential tools for selecting, identifying, and characterizing bioactive metabolites.