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A randomized, double-blind human trial was conducted to assess the effect on the plasma carotenoid concentration of 4- or 12-week astaxanthin supplementation (1 or 3 mg/d) of 20 Japanese middle-aged and senior subjects. The plasma carotenoid concentration was significantly higher after the astaxanthin supplementation than that before in both the 1 mg/d (10 subjects) and 3 mg/d (10 subjects) groups.
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Miyazawa et al. (2011) studied this question.
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