The maternal–fetal communicatome: a scoping review and network physiology perspective on a unified, adaptive, and multiscale interaction network

The relationship between the mother and fetus is increasingly recognized not as a simple interaction between two separate entities but as a unified, adaptive, and multiscale physiological network. This scoping review synthesizes current research across psychological, physiological, immunological, genetic, and cellular domains to map the “communicatome” that orchestrates pregnancy and programs lifelong health. Centrally, we examine the coupling of maternal and fetal heart rate variability (HRV), a paradigmatic manifestation of network physiology in which maternal autonomic oscillations are mirrored in umbilical venous and ductus venosus blood flow to modulate fetal neurodevelopment. We conclude that the decoupling of this physiological network—detectable through integrated biosignal analysis—serves as a critical early-warning marker for pregnancy pathologies, including pre-eclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and preterm birth (PTB). Furthermore, the review highlights the active nature of fetal–maternal interactions, in which fetal trophoblasts “educate” the maternal immune system to ensure semi-allogeneic tolerance, and microchimeric cells establish a biological legacy that persists for decades postpartum. Psychologically, prenatal attachment is shown to be a transgenerational process in which the quality of current relationship care mediates the transmission of ancestral parenting patterns. By framing these interactions through the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, we conclude that the decoupling of this physiological network—detectable through integrated biosignal analysis—serves as a critical early-warning marker for pregnancy pathologies and neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities.