Comparative Outcomes of Heart Failure with Preserved vs. Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction After Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow diagram of patient selection. Exclusion criteria were applied sequentially, with patients meeting multiple criteria counted only at the first applicable step. Among the initial cohort, 54 patients underwent on-pump CABG (35 planned and 19 converted from OPCAB), all of whom were excluded through these criteria. CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; EF, ejection fraction; HF, heart failure; OPCAB, off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

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  Figure 2. Overall survival according to HF phenotype before and after inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW): (A) unweighted Kaplan–Meier survival curves and (B) IPTW-weighted survival curves. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals. p values were derived from an unweighted Cox proportional hazards model for panel (A) and an IPTW-weighted Cox proportional hazards model for panel (B). For panel (B), the values shown in the risk table are weighted risk-set totals (sums of IPTW weights among patients remaining at risk) rather than actual patient counts. HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction.

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  Figure 3. IPTW-weighted cumulative incidence functions for clinical outcomes in patients with HFpEF and HFmrEF: (A) HF readmission, (B) coronary reintervention, (C) cardiac death, and (D) composite cardiovascular adverse events (CCAEs). All-cause death was treated as the competing event for HF readmission and coronary reintervention, whereas non-cardiac death was treated as the competing event for cardiac death and CCAEs. Shaded areas represent 95% confidence intervals. p values were derived from IPTW-weighted Fine–Gray subdistribution hazard models. HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting.

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  Figure 4. Echocardiographic trajectories in patients with HFpEF and HFmrEF. Estimated marginal means with 95% confidence intervals are presented for (A) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), (B) E/e′, (C) left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and (D) left ventricular mass index (LVMI). The graphical presentation was limited to 7 years because of the small number of observations at later time points. HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction.