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Textual frequency analysis reveals a four-zone pharmaceutical preparation gradient in the Voynich Manuscript balneological section, suggesting alignment with medieval medical bathing protocols.
The balneological section of the Voynich Manuscript (f75r–f84v, 20 folios) has been variously interpreted as a bathing scene catalog, a gynecological illustration series, or an alchemical process diagram. We present a systematic class opener frequency analysis across all 20 folios that reveals a directional four-zone preparation class gradient incompatible with a purely decorative or random arrangement. Zone 1 (f75r–f76v) is dominated by syrupus-class vocabulary (oral pre-bath preparation); Zone 2 (f77r–f79v) by qualified compound vocabulary (constitution-specific compound baths, six consecutive folios); Zone 3 (f80r–f82v) by oil-class vocabulary (post-bath oil and powder treatments, six consecutive folios); Zone 4 (f83r–f84v) returns to syrupus at exceptional density (f83r: s=29, the highest single-class count in the entire section), consistent with a final oral consolidation protocol. The folio at the exact midpoint of the section (f79v, folio 10/20) contains exceptional figures absent from all other folios — a woman-fish figure (mermaid), a figure with a cross, and a figure with a ring — and has no substrate comparator match, consistent with its role as a structural boundary marker between Zones 2 and 3. The preparation class citation authority Pietro d'Abano (Conciliator differentiarum philosophorum et medicorum, 1303/1521) is present on all 20 balneological folios without exception, constituting the strongest bibliographic signal for iatromathematical medical context in the Voynich Manuscript [DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20392093; Paduan Medical Reference dataset, DOI 10.5281/zenodo.18687530 (deposited August 2025)]. A per-image figure typology audit of all 20 folios identifies two distinct illustration formats (COMMUNAL POOL and CASE ENTRY) and two explicit catalog row typological displays (f80r: 7–8 labeled figures; f82v: 5 labeled figures), consistent with a structured patient typology reference system. The four-zone structure is consistent with the claim that pool structures encode treatment routes by constitution class, and with the broader court physician workflow hypothesis [DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20391967].
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Honeycutt, Edwin Marshall, III (2026) studied this question.