Closed circuit desalination series no-5: high recovery, reduced fouling and low energy nitrate decontamination by a cost-effective BWRO-CCD method

The newly conceived and recently reported closed circuit desalination (CCD) Technology has been successfully demonstrated for nitrate decontamination. The application of the brackish water reverse osmosis- CCD (BWRO-CCD) Technology to feed sources of 98, 144 and 197 ppm NO3 gave the respective amounts of 19, 27 and 45 ppm NO3 in permeates from said sources obtained with 90% recovery at 20°C. The illustrated NO3 rejection finding of the BWRO-CCD Technology, considered in the context of high flux, high recovery, low energy demand and reduced fouling factors may suggest the plausibility of this cost-effective approach for nitrate decontamination of drinking water worldwide.