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Elizabeth A. Chamberlin, Lonnie W. Aarssen, The Cost of Apical Dominance in White Pine (Pinus strobus L.): Growth in Multi-Stemmed Versus Single-Stemmed Trees, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. 123, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1996), pp. 268-272
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Chamberlin et al. (1996) studied this question.
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