Outdoor lighting installations are publicly accessible electrical pieces of equipment. Upon faults-to-ground, the appearance of dangerous potentials on the metal parts of such equipment exposes persons to shock hazards. This unsafe situation poses serious problems to utilities, or municipalities, or whoever operates the lighting installations. This paper, through the analysis of the fault loops, seeks to clarify the reasons of the manifestation of stray voltages on public-exposed non-current-carrying metal parts, in light of different earthing systems as defined in IEC standards.
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Massimo Mitolo (2013) studied this question.