The long‐term renal and retinal outcome of childhood‐onset Type 1 diabetes

AIMS: To quantify the influence of childhood onset on long-term renal and retinal outcome in Type 1 diabetes. METHODS: We used a population-based diabetes register to identify all Type 1 patients diagnosed before age 15 from 1960 to 1982 and resident in a defined catchment area in 1999. Those diagnosed before age 5, aged 5-9 and 10-14 years were compared with a reference group diagnosed at age 21-25 years over the same period. RESULTS: Compared with adult-onset controls, proteinuria occurred earlier (P = 0.02) and nephropathy outcome was worse (P = 0.008) in childhood-onset diabetes. The risk of developing microalbuminuria was greater in childhood-onset diabetes: odds ratio 2.6 (95% confidence interval 1.4-4.9, P = 0.003). The relative risk of established nephropathy was 3.8 (1.5-9.4, P = 0.005) with childhood onset. The number developing background retinopathy did not differ with age at onset but younger onset patients were more likely to need laser treatment: relative risk 2.1 (1.1-3.8, P = 0.02). This maintained visual outcome which was not significantly different between the various age at onset groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with onset of Type 1 diabetes before age 15 have substantially worse renal outcome and require more laser treatment than adult-onset patients. Differences between those with onset before age 5, onset at 5-9 and 10-14 years are small compared with the difference between childhood onset and adult onset. Events in the teenage years therefore appear to have a major adverse effect on the risk of developing long-term microvascular complications.