Clinical governance of patients with acute coronary syndromes

Figure 1. Timing of principal diagnostic tests in acute coronary syndrome patients managed invasively (S1 and S3) and median delays in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome intended for urgent reperfusion (S1). Distribution of the timing of qualifying electrocardiogram and the timing of invasive coronary angiography in patients with and without ST elevation were measured and are represented as dots, while the timing of cardiac biomarkers (diamond) was not collected and is hypothetical. The lower part of the figure focuses on median time intervals in patients with ST elevation acute coronary syndrome intended for urgent reperfusion (S1). Door-to-balloon, door-to-artery, and door-in-door-out times are shown according to the type of patients: transfer (from spoke hospitals) or non-transfer. IQR, interquartile range.

Figure 2. Implementation of primary quality indicators in eligible patients. The figure illustrates the proportion of co-primary quality indicators per corresponding eligible population from hospital admission (outer circles, patients with acute coronary syndrome) to hospital discharge (inner circles, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, or an alternative diagnosis) among the totality (universe) of patients with acute coronary syndrome, i.e. both those included and those estimated not to be included. Implementation to timely reperfusion is measured at admission in S1 (ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome patients managed invasively). Adherence to optimal medical therapy is measured in patients who survived hospital discharge with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Light coloured sectors for co-primary quality indicator (i.e. indicator not reached) quantify opportunities for quality improvements. Abbreviations are listed on the right side.

Figure 3. Implementation of key secondary quality indicators in eligible patients. (A). Implementation of radial access and measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction. Adherence to radial access is measured at admission in acute coronary syndrome patients managed invasively (i.e. S1 and S3). Assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction is measured in patients who survived hospital discharge with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Light coloured sectors for quality indicator (i.e. indicator not reached) quantify opportunities for quality improvements. Abbreviations are listed on the right side. (B). Implementation of optimal medical therapy stratified by presence of heart failure or left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Optimal medical therapy considered three classes of drugs in patients without heart failure (HF) or left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), aspirin, adequate P2Y12 inhibition, and high-intensity statin and five classes of drugs (these 3, plus betablockers and angiotensin inhibitors) in patients with HF or LVSD. All therapies were assessed only in patients without reported contraindications. Light coloured sectors for quality…

Figure 4. Adjusted survival curves of primary and key secondary quality indicators at 1-year and corresponding hazard ratios. Adjusted Kaplan–Meier curves for timely reperfusion (A), optimal medical therapy (B), radial access (C), and assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (D) with corresponding adjusted hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals.