Clustering and frequency of mutations in the retinal guanylate cyclase (GUCY2D) gene in patients with dominant cone-rod dystrophies

EDITOR-Guanylate cyclase (retGC-1) is a key enzyme in the recovery phase of phototransduction in both cone and rod photoreceptor cells. 1 Upon excitation by a photon of light, an enzymatic cascade of events occurs which leads to the hydrolysis of cGMP and the closure of the cGMP gated cation channels.This results in hyperpolarisation of the plasma membrane and the generation of a signal higher up in the visual pathway.Upon closure of the ion channels, the cytosolic levels of Ca 2+ decrease because export by the Na + , K + , Ca 2+ exchanger continues.This reduced Ca 2+ concentration results in the activation of retGC by activating proteins (GCAPs) and the increased conversion of GTP to cGMP, thus restoring the level of cGMP in the photoreceptors to their dark level.Mutations in GUCY2D, the gene encoding retGC-1, are a cause of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA1), a recessive condition which manifests itself either at birth or during the first few months of life as total or near total blindness.2 3 Recently, we identified mutations in GUCY2D in four British families with autosomal dominant cone-rod dystrophy (AD-CORD).4 Subsequent to this, mutations in this gene were shown to be responsible for ADCORD in a French, 5 a Swiss, 6 and a Norwegian 7 family.In all seven families, the mutations are either in the same or in adjacent codons in a highly conserved region of the protein.In our four families and in the Swiss and Norwegian families, mutations were found in either codon 837 or 838, 4 6 7 whereas codons 837-839 each encode for an amino acid substitution in the French family.5 In order to determine whether ADCORD arising from mutations in GUCY2D are restricted to these codons and how important these mutations are to autosomal retinal disease in general, we have screened an additional group of unrelated patients diagnosed with autosomal dominant macular dystrophy or autosomal dominant cone or cone-rod dystrophy.