Nanoscale Determination of the Metal–Insulator Transition in Intercalated Bulk VSe 2

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Two-dimensional (2D) materials provide unique opportunities to realize emergent phenomena by reducing their dimensionality. Using scanning tunneling microscopy combined with first-principles calculations, we determine an intriguing case of a metal–insulator transition (MIT) in a bulk compound, (TBA) 0.3 VSe 2 . Atomic-scale imaging reveals that the initial 4a 0 × 4a 0 charge density wave (CDW) order in 1T-VSe 2 transforms to √7a 0 × √3a 0 ordering upon intercalation, which is associated with an insulating gap with a magnitude of up to approximately 115 meV. Our calculations reveal that this energy gap is highly tunable through electron doping introduced by the intercalant. Moreover, the robustness of the √7a 0 × √3a 0 CDW order against the Lifshitz transition points to the key role of electron–phonon interactions in stabilizing the CDW state. Our work clarifies a rare example of a CDW-driven MIT in quasi-2D materials and establishes cation intercalation as an effective pathway for tuning both the dimensionality and the carrier concentration without inducing strain or disorder.