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Duct flows are steady three-dimensional isochoric velocity fields composed of a recirculating two-dimensional cross-sectional flow and a unidirectional axial flow, both flows being independent of the axial distance. It is shown that lineal stretch in such flows increases linearly in time. In particular, length stretch in bounded steady two-dimensional flows is linear as well.
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Franjione et al. (1991) studied this question.
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