Impact of Time-Restricted Eating and High-Intensity Exercise on Nutrient Intake in Women with Overweight/Obesity: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Figures

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  Figure 1. Median energy and nutrient intakes by group in relation to the 2023 Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. Vertical bars represent observed medians with interquartile ranges at baseline (blank) and at the end of the study (shaded) for the intention-to-treat population, according to group. Circles represent individual data points. Green shaded areas and green lines represent recommended intakes (RI) established by the 2023 Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR2023). Red lines represent the estimated average requirements (EAR) or provisional average requirements (PAR), and blue lines represent adequate intakes (AI). The PAR was used as the cutoff for the following micronutrients: vitamin E, vitamin B12, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, iodine, and selenium. (A) Descriptive statistics for total energy, macronutrients, and macronutrient energy percentages (E%s) outcomes, (B) descriptive statistics for vitamin outcomes, (C) descriptive statistics for mineral outcomes. Descriptive data at baseline are based on data from n = 28 in CON, n = 27 in TRE, n = 30 in HIIT, n = 27 in TREHIIT. Descriptive data at the end of the study are based on data from n = 23 in CON, n = 24 in TRE, n = 24 in…

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  Figure 2. Proportions of participants with micronutrient intake decreasing below the EAR by group. The figure shows an overview of nutrients for which ≥20% of participants within one or more of the groups went from a mean intake above the EAR at baseline to below the EAR at the end of the study (intake decreased below the EAR). The red line shows the 20% cut-off. The horizontal bars show the percentage proportions of participants who shifted from a micronutrient intake above the EAR at baseline to below the EAR at the end of the study (dark blue) and the proportions who had no change/increased intake from below to above the EAR (light blue). Fisher’s exact test revealed a significant (p = 0.010) difference between groups for the proportions of participants with an intake decreasing below the EAR for Vitamin A. Post hoc group comparisons showed that the proportion with a Vitamin A intake decreasing below the EAR was greater in TRE (43.5%) compared with CON (8.7%, p = 0.043) and compared with HIIT (8.3%, p = 0.034). CON; control group, HIIT; high-intensity interval training, TRE; time-restricted eating, TREHIIT; time-restricted eating and high-intensity interval training.