Bioactive composites, where the deleterious reactions between hydroxyapatite and the composite matrix (in this case zirconia) are kinetically inhibited by employing a super-fast consolidation technique, spark plasma sintering (SPS), are reported. The composite materials (see Figure) are shown to be 5–7 times stronger and 4–7 times tougher than monolithic hydroxyapatite ceramics.
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Shen et al. (2001) studied this question.