Molecular Interactions in Biological Systems: Technological Applications and Innovations

This study reviews the complex interactions between proteins, DNA, RNA, lipids, and small molecules in biological systems, emphasizing the critical role of the "interactome" concept in understanding organismal functions. These interactions, including protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions, play significant roles in cellular processes such as recognition, regulation, and signaling, and have great potential in drug discovery. The research methods encompass various biophysical techniques, such as mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which are used to elucidate the structure and dynamics of molecular interactions. The results demonstrate that molecular interactions are key to developmental innovation, environmental adaptation, and disease mechanisms, particularly in revealing the interactions between biological membranes and small molecules, protein complex formation, and drug target discovery. The study highlights the importance of future improvements in research methods, especially through the integration of computational and experimental approaches, to better understand the dynamic molecular interactions in biological systems.