Artificial intelligence and security: some reflections concerning the freedom of expression, information and democracy

In contemporary society, the role of information in socio-economic development is increasing across domains such as policy, business, technology, and society. Among sources of information, news holds significant sway in shaping public opinion. However, the proliferation of fake news presents a significant threat to many societies, particularly when they are part of disinformation campaigns orchestrated by hostile actors. While disinformation campaigns are not a new phenomenon, the ease and speed of spreading false information via the internet and social media, as well as advancements in artificial intelligence that enable text generation resembling human language, have made them a growing concern. In light of these developments, this paper provides a comprehensive examination of the challenges posed by fake news, with a particular focus on the role played by artificial intelligence.