Experimental study observes quantized single-vortex nucleation during acceleration in rotating superfluid helium-3-B, indicating that local counterflow velocity overcomes intrinsic barriers.
Nucleation of vortices in units of one quantum has been observed with c.w. NMR in a rotating cylinder filled with 3 He-B. During acceleration a new vortex is created each time the counterflow velocity at the perimeter reaches a critical value v c ( T, p ). The measured v c resembles the calculated velocity v cb ( T, p ) of the bulk superflow instability, but is smaller by a factor with power law dependence on the superfluid coherence length. This indicates that a nucleation event takes place whenever the flow exceeds v cb locally at the nucleation site and the nucleation barrier vanishes.
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Parts et al. (1995) studied this question.
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