Skin Cancer Risk in Water Sports Participants: Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Photoprotective Behaviors in the Context of Challenges and Preventive Strategies – A Narrative Review

Background: Water sports create a unique "high-exposure trap," significantly increasing the risk of melanoma (MSC) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) due to intense ambient UV radiation and surface reflectance. Objective: To evaluate specific risk factors and analyze the mechanical, physiological, and behavioral barriers to effective photoprotection in maritime environments. Methods: A narrative review of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (February 2026) focusing on UVR exposure and protective behaviors in aquatic athletes. Results: Participants face synergistic UVR doses from direct solar radiation and surface albedo (up to 25%). Diagnosis of early damage is often hindered by the cooling effects of water/wind, which mask erythema. Standard photoprotection frequently fails due to sunscreen wash-off, chemical conjunctivitis, and thermoregulatory constraints of clothing. Professional athletes exhibit a higher incidence of field cancerization and a significant "knowledge-behavior gap" compared to recreational users. Conclusion: Generic guidelines are inadequate for the maritime setting. Specialized protocols are required, including friction-resistant sunscreen formulations and optimized UPF 50+ apparel. Mandatory dermatological screening and targeted education are essential to mitigate oncological morbidity in this high-risk population.