Pretreatment of enamel with TiCl3 and ZrOCL2-8H2O solutions prior to APF application was shown to increase fluoride uptake and reduce caries-like lesion formation to a greater extent than APF alone. The increase in fluoride uptake by enamel was not solely due to the low pH of the pretreatment solutions.
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Brian H. Clarkson (1978) studied this question.
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