30 smokers and 30 non-smokers were found to differ significantly on the EPPS in Change (Chg), Nurturance (Nur), Exhibition (Exh), and Deference (Def). Smokers scored higher in Change and Exhibition while non-smokers were higher in Nurturance and Deference. The differences supported previous findings regarding less social responsibility among smokers.
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Henry H. Reiter (1970) studied this question.
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