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Document a rare and fatal case where progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy served as the initial clinical manifestation of previously undiagnosed advanced HIV infection.

October 6, 2025CureusOpen Access

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy as the Initial Presentation of Undiagnosed HIV Infection: A Case Report

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Document a rare and fatal case where progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy served as the initial clinical manifestation of previously undiagnosed advanced HIV infection.
Clinical evaluation and management of a 30-year-old male presenting with a two-week history of fever, headache, hiccups, and altered consciousness.
Diagnostic assessments including rapid HIV testing, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and brain magnetic resonance imaging.
Implementation of empiric antimicrobial regimens, antitubercular therapy, and initiation of antiretroviral therapy.
Brain magnetic resonance imaging re-evaluation radiologically confirmed progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy following initial clinical misdiagnoses of viral encephalitis and tuberculous meningitis.
The patient experienced progressive neurological decline and died from immunosuppression complications on hospital day 13 despite the rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy.

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Implication

Case report reveals progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as the initial manifestation of advanced HIV, highlighting diagnostic hurdles and high mortality in resource-limited settings.

Cite This Study

Haseeb et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6aa61896bc2c7db7488e53ab https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.93923

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Implication

Case report reveals progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as the initial manifestation of advanced HIV, highlighting diagnostic hurdles and high mortality in resource-limited settings.

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy as the Initial Presentation of Undiagnosed HIV Infection: A Case Report

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Discussion

Implication

Cite This Study

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy as the Initial Presentation of Undiagnosed HIV Infection: A Case Report

Key Points

Discussion

Implication

Cite This Study

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