Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) demands sustainable technological interventions that couple efficacy with environmental responsibility. Green-synthesized nanomaterials (GSNs) integrate biogenic reduction, renewable precursors, and energy-efficient fabrication to create multifunctional antimicrobial platforms within a low-carbon manufacturing framework. This review critically examines the chemistry, biotechnology, and process engineering principles underpinning the green synthesis of metallic, polymeric, and carbon-based nanostructures. Emphasis is placed on the role of phyto-, microbial, and enzyme-assisted systems in achieving scalable, reproducible, and non-toxic nanomaterial production. Mechanistic insights—spanning reactive oxygen species generation, membrane disruption, and biofilm inhibition—are correlated with enhanced efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) metrics demonstrate that biogenic nanomanufacturing significantly reduces chemical waste and energy demand compared with conventional routes, advancing circular economy integration in pharmaceutical production. By bridging sustainable chemistry with nanobiotechnology, GSNs exemplify how eco-innovative materials can drive industrial transformation toward climate-resilient healthcare technologies.
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Jeyavelkumaran et al. (2026) studied this question.
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