Hemodynamic Responses during Enduro-Motorcycling Performance

Figure 1. An example of a subject wearing the New Core device. (a) Shows the application of pairs of neck and thoracic electrodes. (b,c) Show the subject after wearing all the Enduro equipment. (d) Is an aerial picture of the Enduro track. (e) Shows the subjects while riding. Finally, (f) Is an example of analog electrocardiogram traces (ECG), thoracic impedance (Z0), and its first derivative (dZ/dt) recorded during the riding session. (g) Is a schematic representation of electrodes placement.

Figure 2. An example of heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output time course throughout an Enduro session in one subject.

Figure 3. Group heart rate values (HR, A), stroke volume (SV, B), and cardiac output (CO, C) during the various periods of the Enduro session. Variables at rest were considered those of the last minute of rest preceding the motorcycle session, variables during riding were the average of the 10 min Enduro session, while variables at recovery were considered those of the third minute of recovery. Values are mean ± SD (n = 15). *p < 0.05 vs. pre-exercise; †p < 0.05 vs. recovery.

Figure 4. Group ventricular emptying rate (VER, A), ventricular filling rate (VFR, B), pre-ejection period (PEP, C), ventricular ejection time (VET, D), and diastolic time (DT, E) during the various periods of the Enduro session. Values are mean ± SD (n = 15). *p < 0.05 vs. pre-exercise; †p < 0.05 vs. recovery.

Figure 5. Group mean arterial pressure (MAP, A), systemic vascular resistance (SVR, B), and blood lactate (BLa, C) during the pre-exercise and recovery from the Enduro session. Values are mean ± SD (n = 15). *p < 0.05 vs. pre-exercise.