Regular, periodic nanopore arrays can be created via a process of electrochemical synthesis of highly ordered, porous anodic alumina films, which are then used as contact masks to etch a GaAs epitaxial layer (see Figure). Gold nanoparticles are then vapor deposited into the pores through the contact. The resulting structure is reminiscent of the periodic nanoparticle arrays predicted to display plasmonic bandgaps.
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Cheng et al. (2002) studied this question.