Prevalence and regulatory framework of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Australia: Past, present and future

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a diverse class of persistent, synthetic chemicals widely used in modern society, now recognised for their global distribution and adverse impacts on environmental and human health. Their pervasive presence has necessitated structured regulatory and management responses to limit exposure and mitigate risk. This review synthesises contemporary evidence on the extent of PFAS contamination across Australian environments, drawing on data from freshwater, marine, and terrestrial systems. It also examines the evolution of Australia’s PFAS policy landscape, including national regulations, environmental guidelines, monitoring programs, and frameworks governing risk assessment, management, and remediation. While substantial progress has been made, serious gaps remain in Australia’s approach to PFAS, particularly in relation to next-generation PFAS chemicals. Notably, ultra-short chain PFAS remain underrepresented in both research and regulatory frameworks, underscoring urgent need for improved monitoring, analytical methodology, and assessment of these compounds.