Dual mechanism enhanced capacitive storage and diffusion kinetics in hierarchically porous spherical cluster silicon nanoparticles-carbonized sucrose-activated charcoal anode enable high energy in lithium-ion CR2032 half-cell

Silicon (Si) has a high theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh/g in lithium-ion batteries anode; however, it faces three main difficulties: an unstable Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI), particle pulverization, and volume expansion. In this work, we present a highly efficient anode material for Lithium-Ion CR2032 3V half-cell using Activated Charcoal (AC), Carbonized Sucrose Powder (CSP), and Hierarchically Porous Spherical Cluster Silicon Nanoparticles (HPSC-SiNPs). This anode is designed using carbon to overcome three issues associated with Si. Additionally, the anode charge-storage behavior was examined using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The anode in this investigation showed outstanding electrochemical performance and structural stability. Additionally, Faradaic charge-storage behavior was demonstrated by CV analysis. At 0.56 C, the anode-specific capacity was 3,412.44 mA h/g, and the energy density was 204.74 W h/kg. The initial specific capacity of the half-cell, 3,103.42 mA h/g, decreased to 1,674.53 mA h/g after 200 cycles at a rate of 2.57 C. Initially, the capacity and efficiency of Si appear promising; however, they decline rapidly with increasing cycle number. In contrast, the HPSC-SiNPs-CSP-AC anode, incorporating activated charcoal and carbonized sucrose powder, demonstrated promising and effective performance.