Association Between Physical Therapy and Mortality in Older Patients with Heart Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flow diagram of patient selection. CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF, heart failure; Non-PT, no physical therapy; PT, physical therapy.

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  Figure 2. Standardized mean differences and proportions of propensity scores before and after matching. (A) Standardized mean differences for baseline demographic, clinical, functional, laboratory, and medication variables before and after 1:1 propensity score matching. (B) Proportion of propensity scores before and after matching in the physical therapy and non-physical therapy groups. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ADL, activities of daily living; Alb, serum albumin; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; Hb, hemoglobin; HF, heart failure; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HL, dyslipidemia; HT, hypertension; IHD, ischemic heart disease; logBNP, logarithmically transformed B-type natriuretic peptide; MSD, musculoskeletal disease; Non-PT, no physical therapy; NYHA, New York Heart Association class; PT, physical therapy; SGLT2, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor.

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  Figure 3. Kaplan–Meier curves for all-cause mortality in the propensity score-matched cohort. In the prespecified landmark design, patients entered the risk set at day 30 after discharge; therefore, the numbers at risk are shown from day 30 onward. The shaded areas represent the 95% CIs. HRs, 95% CIs, and p-values were derived from Cox proportional hazards models fitted within the propensity score-matched cohorts, with estimates pooled across the imputed and matched datasets using Rubin’s rules. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; non-PT, no physical therapy; PT, physical therapy.

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  Figure 4. Kaplan–Meier curves for cardiovascular-related rehospitalization in the propensity score-matched cohort. In the prespecified landmark design, patients entered the risk set at day 30 after discharge; therefore, the numbers at risk are shown from day 30 onward. The shaded areas represent the 95% CIs. HRs, 95% CIs, and p-values were derived from Cox proportional hazards models fitted within the propensity score-matched cohorts, with estimates pooled across the imputed and matched datasets using Rubin’s rules. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; non-PT, no physical therapy; PT, physical therapy.

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  Figure 5. Kaplan–Meier curves for the composite outcome of all-cause mortality or cardiovascular-related rehospitalization in the propensity score-matched cohort. In the prespecified landmark design, patients entered the risk set at day 30 after discharge; therefore, the numbers at risk are shown from day 30 onward. The shaded areas represent the 95% CIs. HRs, 95% CIs, and p-values were derived from Cox proportional hazards models fitted within the propensity score-matched cohorts, with estimates pooled across the imputed and matched datasets using Rubin’s rules. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; non-PT, no physical therapy; PT, physical therapy.