The middle reaches of the Volga have been a rather densely populated region since the most ancient times. During the tenth through thirteenth centuries, some of the peoples of the region became part of Volga Bulgaria, an economically and culturally developed state of Eastern Europe. Others, such as the Old Mari and Old Mordvin tribes, were within its sphere of influence.
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A. Kh. Khalikov (1977) studied this question.
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