Hypotensive and Endothelium-Dependent Vasorelaxant Effects of Grayblue Spicebush Ethanol Extract in Rats

Figures

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  Figure 1. Measured blood pressure values and percentage changes in blood pressure after grayblue spicebush branch ethanol extract (GSE) administration (300 or 1000 mg/kg) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). (A,B) Measured systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values. (C,D) percentage changes in SBP and DBP. Values represent mean ± SEM (n = 4). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. control.

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  Figure 2. Vasorelaxant effect of grayblue spicebush branch ethanol extract (GSE). (A) Concentration–response curves and (B) isotonic changes in aortic rings contracted with phenylephrine (PE). Values represent mean ± SEM (n = 4–5). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. control.

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  Figure 3. Vasorelaxant effect of grayblue spicebush branch ethanol extract (GSE) on endothelium-intact [Endo(+)] or -denuded [Endo(−)] rat aortic rings. (A) Concentration–response curves and (B) isotonic changes in aortic rings contracted with phenylephrine (PE). Values are mean ± SEM (n = 4). ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. control.

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  Figure 4. Effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or indomethacin pretreatment on vasorelaxation effect of grayblue spicebush branch ethanol extract (GSE). (A) Concentration–response curves and (B) isotonic changes in aortic rings contracted with phenylephrine (PE). Values are mean ± SEM (n = 4–5). *** p < 0.001 vs. control.

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  Figure 5. Effects of 1H-[1,2,4] Oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) or methylene blue (MB) pretreatment on vasorelaxation of grayblue spicebush branch ethanol extract (GSE). (A) Concentration–response curves and (B) isotonic changes in aortic rings contracted with phenylephrine (PE). Values are mean ± SEM (n = 4–5). *** p < 0.001 vs. control.

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  Figure 6. Effects of barium chloride (BaCl2), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), tetraethylammonium (TEA), or glibenclamide pretreatment on vasorelaxation effect of grayblue spicebush branch ethanol extract (GSE). (A) Concentration–response curves and (B) isotonic changes in aortic rings contracted with phenylephrine (PE). Values are mean ± SEM (n = 4–5). *** p < 0.001 vs. control.

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  Figure 7. Inhibitory effect of grayblue spicebush branch ethanol extract (GSE) on thoracic aortic rings contracted with extracellular CaCl2. (A) Inhibitory effect of GSE on CaCl2 contraction and (B) isotonic changes in aortic rings. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5).

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  Figure 8. Inhibitory effect of grayblue spicebush branch ethanol extract (GSE) on thoracic aortic rings contracted using angiotensin II (Ang II). (A) Inhibitory effect of GSE on Ang II contraction and (B) isotonic changes in aortic rings. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5). *** p < 0.001 vs. control.