Joshua T. Ackerman, John M. Eadie, Daniel L. Loughman, Gregory S. Yarris, M. Robert McLandress, The Influence of Partial Clutch Depredation on Duckling Production, The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 67, No. 3 (Jul., 2003), pp. 576-587
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Ackerman et al. (2003) studied this question.
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