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Robert G. Hollingsworth, Fred P. Hain, Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) and Spruce-Fir Decline in the Southern Appalachians: Assessing Pest Relevance in a Damaged Ecosystem, The Florida Entomologist, Vol. 74, No. 2 (Jun., 1991), pp. 179-187
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Hollingsworth et al. (1991) studied this question.
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