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Opioids are widely and successfully used for control of pain, including pain arising from the viscera. Constipating, sedating, respiratory depressant and other effects of opioids, however, often limit their long-term use in the treatment of a variety of visceral pain states. Accordingly, understanding visceral pain mechanisms and its modulation is important to developing improved strategies for pain control.
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Gebhart et al. (2000) studied this question.
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