A Brief Overview of the Impact of Obesity on Pregnancy: Implications for Maternal Health, Fetal Development, and Genetic Programming

Obesity in pregnancy is a growing global health challenge, with increasing prevalence across high-income, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Maternal obesity is associated with significant risks, including gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and delivery complications, as well as adverse fetal outcomes such as macrosomia, stillbirth, and neonatal metabolic dysfunction. These complications not only pose immediate threats to maternal and fetal health but also have long-term implications, influencing fetal genetic programming and perpetuating a cycle of obesity and metabolic diseases. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, play a crucial role in altering fetal gene expression, predisposing offspring to obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic disorders. The burden of maternal obesity is particularly concerning in LMICs like Nigeria, where limited healthcare resources and shifting dietary patterns exacerbate the problem. Despite advancements in understanding the mechanisms underlying fetal programming, research gaps remain, particularly regarding region-specific data and long term trans-generational effects. Effective prevention and management strategies must integrate pre-pregnancy, antenatal, and postnatal interventions, alongside public health initiatives that promote healthy nutrition, physical activity, and community engagement. Multidisciplinary approaches, incorporating evidence-based clinical practices with culturally tailored interventions, are essential in mitigating the impact of maternal obesity. Addressing this public health concern requires concerted efforts from healthcare providers, policymakers, and researchers to enhance maternal and neonatal outcomes. Strengthening healthcare systems, improving awareness, and fostering research in low resource settings will be critical to breaking the cycle of obesity and securing a healthier future for subsequent generations.