Association of Preoperative Prognostic Nutritional Index with Risk of Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Figure 1. Flowchart of study selection.

Figure 2. Forest plot showing pooled incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury [12,17,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29], The studies’ effect sizes are represented by squares, while the pooled effect is depicted as a diamond.

Figure 3. Forest plot showing (a) the risk of postoperative acute kidney injury (PO-AKI) in patients with a low or high prognostic nutritional index (PNI) [17,19,20,21,23,24,25,26], (b) the association of PO-AKI risk with PNI value as a continuous variable [12,22,28,29], and (c) the difference in PNI values in patients with or without PO-AKI [12,21,22,27]. CI: confidence interval; M–H: Mantel–Haenszel; IV: inverse variance; SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error. The studies’ effect sizes are represented by squares, while the pooled effect is depicted as a diamond.

Figure 4. Forest plot showing the association of low prognostic nutritional index (PNI) values with postoperative risk of (a) infection [20,23,24,25,26], (b) mortality [17,20,24,25,26], (c) bleeding [17,18,19], and (d) stroke [17,24,25]. CI: confidence interval; M–H: Mantel–Haenszel. The studies’ effect sizes are represented by squares, while the pooled effect is depicted as a diamond.

Figure 5. Forest plot demonstrating the association of a low prognostic nutritional index (PNI) with (a) intensive care unit stay [23,24,25,26], and (b) hospital stay [17,19,23,26]. CI: confidence interval; IV: inverse variance; SD: standard deviation. The studies’ effect sizes are represented by squares, while the pooled effect is depicted as a diamond.