The success or otherwise of catalyst preparation or modification depends on the availability of suitable characterization techniques to determine the condition of the catalyst. There are many techniques available for this purpose including x-ray powder diffraction, electron microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. However, none of these techniques has proved to be wholly reliable or generally applicable to the characterization of catalysts under working conditions.
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Hurst et al. (1982) studied this question.
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