Altered Functional Network Connectivity of Precuneus and Executive Control Networks in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Without Cognitive Impairment

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. The cool color scale represents negative values, indicating hypoconnectivity (decreased positive correlation, or greater anti-correlation) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) relative to normal controls (NCs); the hot color scale represents positive values, indicating hyperconnectivity (increased positive correlation or less anti-correlation) in patients with T2DM relative to NCs. LECN, left executive control network; RECN, right executive control network; PVN, primary visual network; EVN, extrastriate visual network; SN, salience network; DMN, default mode network (p < 0.05, false discovery rate-corrected).

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  FIGURE 2. The brain regions with a significant difference in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (A) Significant difference in internal network connectivity in the SN. (B) Significant difference in internal network connectivity in the LECN. (C) Significant difference in internal network connectivity in the DMN. (D) Significant difference in internal network connectivity in the SN. (E) Significant difference in internal network connectivity in the precuneus network. The significance threshold was set at p < 0.05 (false discovery rate-corrected).

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  FIGURE 3. Significant brain network regions are rendered on the surface of the automated anatomical labeling atlas in BrainNet Viewer. (A) Significant difference network connectivity in the left executive control network with the whole brain. (B) Significant difference network connectivity in the right executive control network with the whole brain. (C) Significant difference network connectivity in the precuneus network with the whole brain. The significance threshold was set at p < 0.05 (false discovery rate-corrected, cluster size > 20). R, right; L, left.

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  FIGURE 4. The correlation (z) provides information on the effect size. The cool color scale represents negative values, indicating hypoconnectivity (decreased positive correlation, or greater anti-correlation) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) relative to normal controls (NCs); the hot color scale represents positive values, indicating hyperconnectivity (increased positive correlation or less anti-correlation) in patients with T2DM relative to NCs. LECN, left executive control network; RECN, right executive control network; Pcu, precuneus network; PVN, primary visual network; EVN, extrastriate visual network; LN, language network; SN, salience network, DMN, default mode network.

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  FIGURE 5. The difference in mean dwell time between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal controls.

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  FIGURE 6. Associations between functional connectivity and neuropsychological test scores. Pearson correlation was conducted on functional connectivity and neuropsychological test scores. (A) Correlation of functional connectivity with neuropsychological test scores in the type 2 diabetes mellitus group. (B) Correlation of functional connectivity with neuropsychological test scores in the normal control group (p < 0.05 indicates statistically significant differences). L, left; R, right.