Redefining early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer: The dawn of the risk‐adaptive and biologically precise era

Redefining early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer: The dawn of the risk-adaptive and biologically precise eraFor decades, the management of early stage nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was guided primarily by anatomic staging and surgical resection.Although this approach has achieved favorable outcomes for many patients, it does not fully account for the biologic heterogeneity that influences recurrence risk and treatment response.Contemporary advances in lung cancer screening, surgical techniques, precision radiotherapy, molecular profiling, and perioperative systemic therapies have collectively transformed the therapeutic landscape, supporting a more risk-adaptive approach that integrates anatomic, biologic, and patient-specific factors into clinical decisionmaking.In this context, the review by Zhang et al. 1 provides a comprehensive overview of the advances that are reshaping the management of localized NSCLC.Progress in lung cancer screening, minimally invasive and parenchyma-sparing surgery, stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) and other highly conformal radiotherapy techniques, together with the integration of perioperative immunotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies, has broadened the therapeutic landscape and enabled increasingly individualized treatment approaches.