Microbial Features Linked to Medication Strategies in Cardiometabolic Disease Management

Figures

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  Figure 1. Number of medications used based on different categories (A) and cluster of variables based on individual metadata (B).

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  Figure 2. Multivariate association analyses between bacterial taxa and single medications. (A) The explained variance in Bray–Curtis distance by different types of medications. *FDR P < 0.05, # FDR 0.05 < P < 0.1 from adonis2 analysis. (B) Significant associations between medications and bacterial taxa at the phylum/genus level. (C) Significant associations between medications and bacterial taxa at the species level. The plus symbol represents significantly positive association, while the minus symbol represents significantly negative association. For (B),(C), significance was defined as FDR P < 0.25 by MaAsLin2.

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  Figure 3. Metagenomics functional prediction of KEGG orthologies (KOs). (A) Multivariate association analysis of KOs with different medications. All medications with significant associations (FDR < 0.25) are visualized. (B) Pathway enrichment analysis of the upregulated (e.g., positive association) or downregulated (e.g., negative association) KOs. (C) Associations between medications and encoded KOs.

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  Figure 4. Graphical representation of medication combinations and their association with the Shannon index. (A) Network visualization of dual medication combinations. Combinations of 3+ medications are not shown due to low frequency. Color intensity indicates frequency of specific, dual medication combinations. (B) Linear regression analysis of the relationship between number of medications used and Shannon index (linear regression coefficient −0.05, r2 = 0.056, P = 0.005).

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  Figure 5. Multivariate association analyses between bacterial taxa and dual medication use. (A) The explained variance in Bray–Curtis distance by different combinations of medications. *FDR P < 0.05 from adonis2 analysis. (B) Significant associations between multimedication and bacterial taxa. A plus symbol represents a significant positive association, while the minus symbol represents a significant negative association. Significance was defined as FDR P < 0.25 by MaAsLin2..