To formulate a reliability-centered predictive opportunistic maintenance framework for redundant k-out-of-n systems experiencing heterogeneous two-stage component degradation.
Modeled heterogeneous component deterioration using a two-stage Wiener process, confining preventive actions to defective-stage components.
Integrated system redundancy by aggregating component reliability predictions to trigger corrective, minimum-cost preventive, and opportunistic maintenance events.
Jointly optimized the inspection interval, system maintenance threshold, and opportunistic threshold under a long-run average cost model.
Numerical simulations showed lower long-run average costs compared to standard benchmark maintenance strategies.
The hierarchical decision framework effectively balanced necessary reliability repairs with simultaneous opportunistic replacements during shared maintenance events.