Experimental evaluation demonstrates reliable time transfer monitoring via low-cost Raspberry Pi NTP servers disciplined by UTC(k), highlighting their viability for tracking industrial timing...
Accurate time dissemination is essential for telecommunications, scientific instrumentation, industrial control, and distributed computer systems, motivating the development of cost-effective timing solutions. This work presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of low-cost Network Time Protocol (NTP) Stratum-1 servers based on Raspberry Pi platforms disciplined by a pulse-per-second (PPS) signal derived from a UTC(k) reference. The proposed systems were configured and optimized to provide traceable time synchronization services and were assessed through long-term comparisons against institutional Stratum-1 reference servers. Time offset and network delay were continuously monitored over extended observation periods, while synchronization stability was characterized using Time Deviation (TDEV) analysis. The findings indicate that Raspberry Pi-based NTP servers provide a practical and economical platform for the performance monitoring of industrial NTP servers, supporting the long-term evaluation of time dissemination services.
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Luna et al. (2026) studied this question.
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