Thyroid nodules in childhood

Like other thyroid diseases, thyroid nodules are not as common in children and adolescents as in adults. The most important consideration during the evaluation of thyroid nodules is the risk of malignancy, which is probably more important in younger age. Considering that the percentage of malignant nodules is higher in children than in adults, thorough evaluation and follow-up are necessary. History, physical exam, ultrasound examination, thyroid hormones and antibodies levels, calcitonin level, and fine needle aspiration cytology are crucial in the initial evaluation of children with thyroid nodules. A multidisciplinary team, including a pediatric endocrinologist, radiologist, pathologist, and surgeon, should be employed to improve treatment outcomes. Since these cases are rare, a performing surgeon should be an endocrine surgeon specialized in adult endocrine pathology who is familiar with pediatric pathology or a pediatric surgeon with sufficient experience in thyroid surgery.