Revisiting Fibromuscular Dysplasia

increased kidney mobility 14 , recent works suggest a contribution of smoking 6 in progression of the disease, as well as a genetic susceptibility [15][16] .High resolution cardiac echotracking 17 , mechanistic 18 , biochemical and genetic studies [15][16] will soon lead to a better understanding and classification of the disease.Furthermore, registries should help to identify characteristics of patients likely to develop extensive, progressive or complicated forms of FMD.Progresses in the understanding of the disease and research perspectives have been extensively reviewed on the occasion of the First National Meeting on Fibromuscular Dysplasia, endorsed by the European Society of Hypertension, which took place in Brussels on 12 th December 2015 (http://www.saintluc.be/professionnels/agenda/2015/2015-12-12-fibromuscular-dysplasia.pdf), and summarized for an expert audience on the occasion of the 10 th International Workshop on Structure and Function of the Vascular System (Paris, 4-6 February 2016).This short review covers the highlights of these meetings and provides the rationale for the European FMD initiative (see list of centers currently involved in the Online Supplement). Renal Fibromuscular DysplasiaRenal FMD has been for long considered a rare disease with an estimated prevalence of about 0.4% 2 .However, recent data suggest that FMD is much more common.A meta-analysis based on kidney donor data found renal FMD in 4% of the potential kidney donor population 19,20 .Along the same lines, in the Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions (CORAL) trial, where FMD was an exclusion criteria, the